Resumen
El dolor neuropático crónico afecta aproximadamente al 6-10 % de la población general y se asocia a deterioro funcional, psicológico y socioeconómico significativo. A pesar de los avances en farmacoterapia, una proporción relevante de pacientes no alcanza un control analgésico adecuado con los tratamientos recomendados como primera línea. En este contexto, la estimulación eléctrica de nervios periféricos (ENP) ha emergido como una modalidad de neuromodulación localizada mínimamente invasiva que permite actuar de forma anatómicamente dirigida sobre el territorio neuropático afectado.
Esta revisión sintetiza la evidencia clínica disponible sobre la estimulación eléctrica de nervios periféricos, incluyendo ensayos clínicos aleatorizados, estudios prospectivos multicéntricos y revisiones sistemáticas publicadas entre 2005 y 2024. Los datos disponibles muestran reducciones clínicamente relevantes del dolor (≥ 50 %) en una proporción significativa de pacientes con dolor neuropático localizado refractario, así como mejoría funcional sostenida y reducción del consumo de opioides. El perfil de seguridad es favorable, con baja incidencia de complicaciones graves.
En conjunto, la ENP representa una alternativa terapéutica eficaz y segura cuya integración temprana y racional en algoritmos escalonados de tratamiento del dolor neuropático crónico está respaldada por evidencia creciente y por consensos internacionales recientes.
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