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Año 2021 / Volumen 28 / Número 1

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Implementación y evaluación de un protocolo de analgesia multimodal en el reemplazo total primario de rodilla que incluye bloqueo de canal de aductores guiado por ultrasonografía más infiltración de anestésico local periarticular
Implementation and evaluation of a multimodal analgesia protocol for total knee arthroplasty including ultrasoundguided adductor canal block and periarticular local anesthetic infiltration

Rev. Soc. Esp. Dolor. 2021; 28(1): 9-18 / DOI: 10.20986/resed.2021.3847/2020

Laura Marcela Zamudio, Juan Fernando González, Javier Ricardo Rodríguez, Fabián Camilo Dorado

RESUMEN

Introducción: La anestesia regional guiada por ultrasonografía es una técnica segura y efectiva para el manejo del dolor postoperatorio. Este estudio evalúa la implementación de un protocolo analgésico para el reemplazo total primario de rodilla (RTPR).
Métodos: Estudio observacional ambispectivo de cohortes no aleatorizado, realizado en un grupo de pacientes llevados a RTPR que recibieron infiltración de anestésico local periarticular más bloqueo del canal de aductores (IAL+BCA) como parte de un nuevo protocolo analgésico, frente a un grupo previo que recibió catéter perineural femoral más bloqueo del nervio ciático (CPF+BNC). La valoración de la intensidad del dolor se realizó utilizando la escala verbal numérica (EVN). El desenlace principal fue el dolor postoperatorio inmediato a las 24 y 48 horas. Se evaluó el cumplimiento de metas de rehabilitación física a las 48 horas como desenlace secundario.
Resultados: Se analizaron 112 pacientes (67 en IAL + BCA y 45 en CPF + BNC). Ambas poblaciones fueron comparables en variables demográficas. La mediana del dolor en reposo en el primer y segundo día postoperatorios fue EVN 2/10 para ambos grupos. El promedio del dolor en movimiento en el segundo día postoperatorio fue EVN 5/10 para los pacientes con IAL + BCA y 4/10 para los pacientes con CPF + BNC, p = 0,073. El porcentaje de pacientes que cumplieron el 80 % o más de las metas de rehabilitación fue similar en ambos grupos (p = 0,201).
Conclusiones: Ambas técnicas son equivalentes en el manejo analgésico postoperatorio del RTPR durante las primeras 48 horas. A pesar de que es conocido que la técnica de IAL + BCA genera menos compromiso motor del cuádriceps, esto no se reflejó en un mejor desempeño durante la rehabilitación física, posiblemente por un insuficiente control analgésico a las 48 horas.

ABSTRACT

Background: Ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia is a safe and effective technique in postoperative pain management. This study evaluates the implementation an analgesic protocol for total knee arthroplasty (TKA) including different nerve blocks.
Methods: An observational ambispective non randomized cohort study was performed between a group of patients undergoing TKA who received local infiltration analgesia plus adductor canal block (LIA+ACB) as part of a new analgesic protocol against a previous group who received perineural femoral catheter plus sciatic nerve block (PFC+SNB). The measurement of pain intensity was made using the numerical rating scale (NRS). The main outcome was the immediate postoperative pain, at 24 and 48 hours. The fulfillment of physical rehabilitation goals was evaluated as a secondary outcome.
Results: 112 patients were analyzed (67 in LIA+ACB and 45 in PFC+SNB). Both groups were comparable in demographic characteristics. The median pain at rest on the first and second postoperative days was NRS 2/10 for both groups. The average pain on movement on the second postoperative day was NRS 5/10 for patients with LIA+ACB and 4/10 for patients with PFC+SNB, p=0,073. The percentage of patients who fulfilled ≥80% of the rehabilitation goals was similar in
both groups (p=0,201).
Conclusions: In the TKA postoperative analgesic management, both techniques are equivalent during the first 48 hours. Although it is known that the LIA+ACB technique generates less motor impairment of the quadriceps muscle, this was not reflected on better performance during physical rehabilitation, possibly due to insufficient analgesic control at 48 hours.

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Instrucciones para citar

Zamudio L, González J, Rodríguez J, Dorado F. Implementación y evaluación de un protocolo de analgesia multimodal en el reemplazo total primario de rodilla que incluye bloqueo de canal de aductores guiado por ultrasonografía más infiltración de anestésico local periarticular. Rev Soc Esp Dolor 2021; 28(1): 9-18 / DOI: 1020986/resed20213847/2020

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Recibido: 23/09/2020

Aceptado: 14/02/2021

Prepublicado: 26/02/2021

Publicado: 17/03/2021

Tiempo de revisión del artículo: 106 días

Tiempo de prepublicación: 156 días

Tiempo de edición del artículo: 175 días

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