Year 2022 / Volume 29 / Supplement 1

Cannabinoids Article

Cannabinoids in neuropathic pain: lights and shadows

Rev. Soc. Esp. Dolor. 2022; 29(13): 20-26 / DOI: 10.20986/resed.2022.4027/2022

Ancor Serrano


ABSTRACT

Objectives: The concern about the cannabinoid therapeutic group has been growing in recent decades, both at the level of publications and within the members of the Spanish Pain Society. The interest in cannabinoids in neuropathic pain (NP) is more recent, with the first publications dating back to 2001. This manuscript collects information from the presentation on NP and cannabinoids given for the Cannabinoids Interest Group Conference.
Material and methods: A non-systematic narrative review was carried out. The search term was “medical cannabis” AND “neuropathic pain”. The database used was PubMedâ Centralâ without date limits, with English search language. The most outstanding articles were selected from the categories: “meta-analyses and systematic reviews”, “expert reviews” and “experience from others” (experiences in other countries, after approval).
Results: Since 2001, 54 systematic reviews on cannabinoids and pain have been published with contradictory conclusions. An analysis of the reviews showed low quality of the clinical trials and of the reviews themselves. Of 10 specific reviews on cannabinoids and NP, the majority neither defined the objective of pain analyzed, nor the route of administration of the clinical trials analyzed, nor the type of agent analyzed. Only 1 met AMSTAR-2 high quality criteria while 7 were of critically low quality. A meta-analysis on the patient’s impression of change opinion revealed an odds ratio of 2.0, (confidence interval 1.37-2.94). Some scientific societies have published recommendations on their use as 2nd or 3rd line therapies, but with considerable precautions and limitations. Contradictory data can also be observed in the experience of other countries. In Thailand the number of side effects increased significantly, especially with oil. In Israel, the intensity of pain decreased by 20 %, and the use of analgesics decreased by another 43 %. Morphine Equivalent Dose (DEM) decreased by 42 %. Disability improved by 19 %, and quality of life by another 25 %. Anxiety decreased by 40 % and depression by another 32 %, with an improvement in pain catastrophism of 17 %. In addition, patients reported a 33 % improvement in sleep disturbances, with a 14 % increase in sleep duration. However, in Denmark, users of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) combined with cannabidiol, or pure THC used more daily doses of any analgesic (including opioids), but the consumption of NP-specific medications did decrease.
Conclusions: Systematic reviews reach divergent conclusions about efficacy. The recommendations of the scientific associations differ for cannabis-based medicines and medical cannabis. This is because there are research gaps. Physicians who decide to use cannabis-based drugs or medical cannabis to treat DN should consider the limited robust evidence of effect and concerns about resulting harms.



RESUMEN

Objetivos: La inquietud sobre el grupo terapéutico cannabinoide ha ido creciendo en las últimas décadas, tanto a nivel de publicaciones como dentro de los socios de la Sociedad Española del Dolor. El interés sobre los cannabinoides en dolor neuropático (DN) es más reciente, siendo las primeras publicaciones desde el año 2001. El presente manuscrito recoge la información de la ponencia sobre DN y cannabinoides realizada para la Jornada del Grupo de Interés de Cannabinoides.
Material y métodos: Se realizó una revisión narrativa no sistemática. El término de búsqueda fue “cannabis medicinal” Y “dolor neuropático”. La base de datos utilizada fue PubMed Central sin límite de fechas, con idioma de búsqueda inglés. Se seleccionaron los artículos más destacados en las categorías: “metanálisis y revisiones sistemáticas”, “revisiones de expertos” y “experiencia ajena” (experiencias en otros países, tras su aprobación).
Resultados: Desde el año 2001 se han publicado 54 revisiones sistemáticas sobre cannabinoides y dolor con conclusiones contradictorias. Un análisis de las revisiones mostró una baja calidad de los propios ensayos clínicos y de las revisiones en sí. De 10 revisiones específicas sobre cannabinoides y DN, la mayoría ni definió el objetivo de dolor analizado, ni la vía de administración de los ensayos clínicos analizados, ni el tipo de agente analizado. Solo 1 cumplía criterios de alta calidad AMSTAR-2, mientras que 7 eran de calidad críticamente baja. Un metanálisis sobre la opinión de la impresión de cambio del paciente reveló un odds ratio de 2,0, (intervalo de confianza 1,37-2,94). Algunas sociedades científicas han publicado recomendaciones sobre su uso como terapias de 2.ª o 3.ª línea, pero con considerables precauciones y limitaciones. En la experiencia de otros países también se pueden observar datos contradictorios. En Tailandia el número de efectos secundarios aumentó significativamente, sobre todo con el aceite. En Israel disminuyó un 20 % la intensidad de dolor, y un 43 % de disminución de uso de analgésicos. La dosis equivalente de morfina (DEM) disminuyó un 42 %. La discapacidad mejoró un 19 %, y la calidad de vida otro 25 %. La ansiedad disminuyó un 40 % y la depresión otro 32 %, con una mejora en el catastrofismo del dolor del 17 %. Además, los pacientes reportaron una mejora del 33 % en las alteraciones del sueño, con un aumento de la duración del sueño del 14 %. Sin embargo, en Dinamarca los usuarios de tetrahidrocannabinol (THC) combinado con cannabidiol o THC puro usaron más dosis diaria de cualquier analgésico (incluyendo opioides), pero sí disminuyó el consumo de los medicamentos específicos para DN.
Conclusiones: Las revisiones sistemáticas llegan a conclusiones divergentes sobre la eficacia. Las recomendaciones de las asociaciones científicas difieren para los medicamentos a base de cannabis y el cannabis medicinal. Esto se debe a que existen lagunas de investigación. Los médicos que decidan usar medicamentos a base de cannabis o cannabis medicinal para tratar el DN deben tener en cuenta la limitada evidencia sólida del efecto y las preocupaciones por los daños derivados.





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Bibliografía

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Serrano A. Cannabinoids in neuropathic pain: lights and shadows. Rev Soc Esp Dolor 2022; 29(13): 20-26 / DOI: 1020986/resed20224027/2022


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